Popular Promoters

VectorBuilder offers many popular vector components that users can choose from when designing their vectors. The tables below provide detailed information on these popular components, which are listed separately by category.
Mammalian Ubiquitous Promoters
Name품목Application NotesReferencesSequence
CMVHuman cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer/promoterStrong promoter; may have variable strength in some cell types.Cell. 41:521 (1985); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
CMV+intronHuman cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer/promoter fused with the splicing signal from the human beta-globin intron 2Strong promoter; may have variable strength in some cell types; presence of the beta-globin intron facilitates the nuclear export of mRNA by splicing and is predicted to enhance gene expression in eukaryotes.EMBO J. 13: 3065 (1994); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105: 3386 (2008) View
EF1AHuman eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α1 promoterStrong promoter.Nucl Acids Res. 18:5322 (1990); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
EFSHuman eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α1 short formMedium-strength promoter.Nat Methods.11:783 (2014) View
CAGCMV early enhancer fused to modified chicken β-actin promoterStrong promoter.Gene. 108:193 (1991); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
CBhCMV early enhancer fused to modified chicken β-actin promoterStrong promoter.Hum Gene Ther. 22:1143 (2011) View
CBACMV early enhancer fused to chicken β-actin promoter and SV40 intronStrong promoter.Mol Biotechnol. 58:30 (2016) View
SFFVSpleen focus-forming virus promoterStrong promoter; drives high levels of gene expression, particularly in cell types of the myeloid lineage.J Virol. 69:7541 (1995); Hum Gene Ther.13:803 (2002) View
MSCVMurine embryonic stem cell virus promoter including the enhancer and promoter region of PCMV virus and 5' untranslated region of dl-587rev retrovirusMedium-strength promoter; drives gene expression in most murine or human ES cell lines and other mammalian cell lines.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87:9202(1990); Gene Ther. 1:136 (1994) View
MNDU3The U3 region from the myeloproliferative sarcoma virus (MPSV) LTR with the negative control region (NCR) removedMedium-strength promoter; drives retroviral vector gene expression in most murine or human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines, embryonic stem (ES) cell lines and other mammalian cell lines.J Virol. 69:748 (1995);
J Virol. 71: 9466 (1997);
J Virol. 77:9439 (2003)
View
SV40Simian virus 40 enhancer/early promoterMedium-strength promoter.Nature. 290:304 (1981); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
mPGKMouse phosphoglycerate kinase 1 promoterMedium-strength promoter.Gene. 60:65 (1987); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
hPGKHuman phosphoglycerate kinase 1 promoterMedium-strength promoter.PLoS One. 4:e5046 (2009) View
UBCHuman ubiquitin C promoterWeak promoter.Nucl Acids Res. 24:1787 (1996); PLoS One. 5:e10611 (2010) View
참고 : 
  • Some components have different versions that differ slightly in sequence but are functionally equivalent. VectorBuilder may use different versions depending on context.
  • CAG and CBh promoters contain different versions of modified chicken β-actin promoter.
Mammalian Tissue-specific Promoters
Name품목Tissue SpecificityCell Type SpecificityReferencesSequence
NanogMouse nanog promoterEmbryonic inner cell massPluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cellsJ Biol Chem. 280:24731 (2005) View
NesRat nestin intron 2 enhancer fused to mouse Hsp68 minimal promoterNervous system at embryonic stageNeural stem/progenitor cellsEur J Neurosci. 9:452 (1997); J Neurosci Res. 59:321 (2000) View
Tuba1aRat α1A tubulin promoterNervous systems at embryonic and early postnatal stagesDeveloping neurons but not astrocytes or oligodendrocytesJ Neurosci. 14:7319 (1994) View
Camk2a(long)Mouse α-calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II promoter (8 kb)ForebrainCA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampusCell. 81:891 (1995); Cell. 87:1317 (1996) View
Camk2a(short)Mouse α-calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II promoter (1.3 kb)BrainPyramidal neuronsNeuroscience. 161:441 (2009) View
SYN1Human synapsin I promoterBrainMature neuronsMol Ther. 5:509 (2002) View
Hb9Mouse Hb9 enhancer fused to mouse Hsp68 minimal promoterSpinal cordMotor neuronsExp Neurol. 196:224 (2005); Dev Biol. 283:474 (2005) View
ThMouse tyrosine hydroxylase promoterBrainDopaminergic neuronsBiochem Biophys Res Commun. 274:590 (2000); Neurosci Lett. 363:33 (2004) View
Thy1Mouse thymus cell antigen 1 promoterBrainNeuronsEMBO J. 9:833 (1990); Neuron. 28:41 (2000); Cell Rep. 13:1989 (2015) View
NSERat neuron-specific enolase promoterNervous systemVarious neuronsNeuron. 5:187 (1990); J Mol Neurosci. 8:63(1997) View
GFAP(long)Human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (2.1 kb)BrainAstrocytesJ Neurosci. 14:1030 (1994) View
GFAP(short)Human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (0.68 kb)BrainAstrocytesGlia. 56:481 (2008) View
Iba1Mouse ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 promoterBrainMicrogliaJ Neurosci Res. 81:357 (2005) View
ProA1Mouse Gnat2 promoterRetinaCone photoreceptorNat Neurosci. 22:1345 (2019); Int J Mol Sci. 21:4197 (2020) View
ProA7Mouse Gnat2 promoter (0.5 kb)RetinaCone photoreceptor in non-human primateNat Neurosci. 22:1345 (2019) View
hRHOHuman rhodopsin promoterRetinaRod photoreceptorJ Virol. 81: 11372 (2007); eLife. 5: e12242 (2016) View
hBEST1Human bestrophin 1 promoterRetinaRPEHum Mol Genet. 18:128 (2009) View
Grm6A 200-bp enhancer of mGluR6 (mouse metabotropic glutamate receptor 6) fused to a basal SV40 promoter (0.4 kb)RetinaON-bipolar cellsJ Neurosci. 28:2008 View
Grm6(short)A 200-bp enhancer of mGluR6 (mouse glutamate metabotropic receptor 6) fused to a 500-bp mGluR6 promoter (0.7 kb)RetinaON-bipolar cellsGene Ther. 23:680 (2016); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 119:e2117038119 (2022) View
Grm6(long)Intron 4, 3, and a 200-bp enhancer of mGluR6 (mouse glutamate metabotropic receptor 6) fused to a 500-bp mGluR6 promoter (2.2 kb)RetinaON-bipolar cellsGene Ther. 23:680 (2016); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 119:e2117038119 (2022) View
PrnpMouse prion protein promoterBrain, hippocampus, cerebellum, retinaVarious CNS neuronsEur J Neurosci. 14:1777 (2001) View
CnpMouse 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase promoterNervous systems, testis and thymusOligodendrocytes and Schwann cellsJ Neurosci Res. 53:393 (1998); J Neurosci. 19:759 (1999) View
K14Human keratin 14 promoterEpidermisKeratinocytesGene. 153:297 (1995) View
K19Mouse keratin 19 promoterEpidermisKeratinocytesJ Biol Chem. 275:28230 (2000); Genesis. 46:318 (2008) View
BK5Bovine keratin 5 promoterEpidermisKeratinocytesDifferentiation. 58:53 (1994); Oncogene. 19:4243 (2000) View
mTyrMouse tyrosinase promoter and enhancerEpidermisMelanocytes and melanoma cellsDevelopment. 120:2103 (1994); Gene Ther. 1:307 (1994); Int J Mol Sci. 17: 2149 (2016) View
cTnTChicken cardiac troponin T promoterHeartCardiomyocytesAm J Physiol Cell Physiol. 286:C556 (2004); Gene Ther. 18: 43 (2011); Circ Res. 115:354 (2014) View
αMHC(long)Mouse α-cardiac myosin heavy chain promoter (5.4 kb)HeartCardiomyocytesJ Biol Chem. 266:24613 (1991) View
αMHC(short)Mouse α-cardiac myosin heavy chain promoter (2.8 kb)HeartCardiomyocytesJ Biol Chem. 266:24613 (1991) View
MyogMouse myogenin promoterMuscleMyoblastsGenes Dev. 7:1277 (1993) View
ACTA1Human skeletal muscle actin α1 promoterMuscleMyocytesJ Biol Chem. 268:719 (1993) View
MHCK7Composed of enhancer/promoter regions of murine muscle creatine kinase (MCK) and enhancer region of α-myosin heavy-chain genesMouse skeletal and heart musclesDifferentiated postmitotic striated muscle cellsMol Ther. 15:320 (2007); Sci Transl Med. 9(418) (2017) View
SM22aMouse transgelin (a.k.a. Sm22a) promoterAdult smooth muscleVascular smooth muscle cellsJ Cell Biol. 132:849 (1996) View
EnSM22aThe chimeric vascular smooth muscle-specific enhancer/promoter (The rabbit myosin heavy-chain enhancer inserted upstream of a truncated mouse SM22a promoter)Adult smooth muscleVascular smooth muscle cellsJ Pharmacol Exp Ther. 329: 775 (2009) View
Runx2Mouse runt related transcription factor 2 promoterBoneEarly osteoblastsBiochim Biophys Acta. 1731:95 (2005) View
OCHuman osteocalcin promoterBone and cartilageOsteoblasts, osteocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytesMol Endocrinol. 11:1695 (1997) View
Col1a1Rat collagen type I α1 promoterBone, tooth and tendonOsteoblasts and fibroblastsJ Bone Miner Res. 9:285 (1994) View
Col2a1Mouse collagen type II α1 promoterCartilageChondrocytesGenesis. 45:44 (2007) View
aP2Rat adipocyte P2 promoterFatAdipocytesJ Biol Chem. 268:22243 (1993) View
AdipoqMouse adiponectin promoterFatAdipocytesEndocrinology. 151:2933 (2010) View
Tie1Mouse tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 1 promoterBlood vesselEndothelial cellsJ Cell Sci. 115:2075 (2002) View
Cd144Mouse cadherin 5 (a.k.a. VE-Cadherin) promoterBlood vesselsVascular endothelial cellsDev Dyn. 235:759 (2006) View
CD68(short)Human CD68 promoter, short, recommended for in vitro useBloodMonocytes and macrophagesGene Ther. 19:1041 (2012) View
CD68(long)Human CD68 promoter, long, recommended for in vivo useBloodMonocytes and macrophagesJ Immunol. 168:3402(2002); Blood. 124:e33 (2014) View
CD11bHuman integrin subunit alpha M promoterBone marrowMature myeloid cell lines (neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages)Blood. 79:865 (1992); Blood. 85:319 (1995) View
AfpMouse α-fetoprotein enhancer II fused with human beta globin promoterLiverHepatocytesScience. 235:53 (1987); Mol Cell Biol. 15:4947 (1995) View
AlbMouse albumin promoterLiverMature hepatocytesGenes Dev. 1:268 (1987) View
TBGHuman thyroxine-binding globulin promoterLiverHepatocytesGene. 506:289 (2012) View
TBG+intronHuman alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin enhancer and thyroxine-binding globulin hybrid promoter fused to a chimeric intron (SD site from a human β-globin intron and SA site from an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region intron)LiverHepatocytesJ Biol Chem. 267:20765 (1992); Nat Chem Biol. 17:326 (2021) View
MMTVMouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (LTR)Mammary glandDuctal cells of the salivary gland, mammary epithelial cellsNucleic Acids Res. 25:4323 (1997) View
WapMouse whey acidic protein promoterMammary glandAlveolar epithelial cells of mammary tissueNucleic Acids Res. 25:4323 (1997) View
HIPHuman insulin promoterPancreasβ cellsCell. 52:773 (1998); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100: 6688 (2003) View
Pdx1Mouse pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 promoterEmbryonic developing pancreas and adult pancreatic isletsPancreatic progenitor cells and pancreatic β cellsDevelopment. 129:2447 (2002) View
Ins2Rat insulin 2 promoterPancreasPancreatic β cellsNature. 315:115 (1985);Nature. 429:41 (2004) View
Hcn4Mouse hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated K+ 4 promoterEmbryonic heartCardiomyocytesBiochem Biophys Res Commun. 353:67 (2007) View
NPHS2Human podocin promoterKidneyPodocytesGenesis. 35:39 (2003) View
SPBHuman surfactant protein B promoterLungAT II cells (alveolar type II epithelial cells) and Clara cells (bronchiolar epithelial cells)J Biol Chem. 270:24852 (1995); Gene Ther. 14:1461 (2007) View
CD144Human cadherin 5 (a.k.a. VE-Cadherin) promoterLung, heart, ovary, spleen and kidney glomeruliVascular endothelial cellsOncogene. 24:2992 (2005) View
TERTHuman telomerase reverse transcriptase promoterTumorImmortalized and cancer cellsCancer Res. 59:551 (1999); Cancer Res. 60:5359 (2000) View
Mammalian Inducible Promoters
Name품목Application NotesReferencesSequence
TRETetracycline-responsive element promoter (2nd generation)Regulated by a class of transcription factors (e.g. tTA, rtTA and tTS) whose activities are dependent on tetracycline or its analogs (e.g. doxycycline).Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89:5547 (1992); Science. 268:1766 (1995); J Gene Med. 1:4 (1999) View
TRE3GTetracycline-responsive element promoter (3rd generation)Bound by transactivator Tet3G in the presence of tetracycline or its analogs (e.g. doxycycline).Gene Ther. 13:1382 (2006) View
Yeast Inducible Promoters
Name품목Application NotesReferencesSequence
GAL1Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase promoterRepressed in the presence of glucose; induced in the presence of galactose.Mol Cell Biol. 4:1440 (1984); Nucleic Acids Res. 22:5767 (1994) View
MET17Saccharomyces cerevisiae O-acetyl homoserine-O-acetyl serine sulfhydrylase promoter; aka MET25 and MET15Repressed in the presence of methionine.Mol Gen Genet. 200:407 (1985); Biotechnol Prog. 21:617 (2005) View
CUP1Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein promoterInduced in the presence of copper.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81:3332 (1984); Yeast. 16:651 (2000) View
AOX1Methanol-induced alcohol oxidase 1 promoter from Pichia pastorisMaximally induced during growth on methanol and fully repressed during growth on glucose or glycerol.Nucleic Acids Res. 15:3859 (1987); J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 42:1175 (2015) View
Plant Constitutive Promoters
Name품목Application NotesReferencesSequence
CaMV35S(short)Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (short)Strong constitutive promoter, drives high-level gene expression in dicot plants but is less effective in monocots.Nature. 313:810 (1985) View
CaMV35S(long)Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (long)Strong promoter.Biotechnol Lett. 29:1793 (2007) View
CaMV35S(enhanced)A chimeric promoter with the doubled CaMV 35S enhancer elementStrong promoter.Plant Mol Biol. 21:415 (1993); Biotechnol Lett. 29:1793 (2007) View
NosAgrobacterium nopaline synthase promoterWeaker promoter compared to CaMV 35S promoter.Nucleic Acids Res. 12:7831 (1984); Plant Cell. 2:225 (1990) View
ZmUbiMaize ubiquitin promoterStrong constitutive promoter, drives high-level gene expression in monocots.BMC Plant Biol. 14: 327 (2014) View
Yeast Constitutive Promoters
Name품목Application NotesReferencesSequence
TEF1Saccharomyces cerevisiae translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha promoterStrong promoter.EMBO J. 3:3311 (1984); Yeast. 27:955 (2010) View
GPDSaccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoterStrong promoter.Gene. 32:263 (1984) View
ADH1(short)Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase promoterWeak promoter (stronger than ADH1(medium) and ADH1(long)).FEMS Microbiol Lett. 121:229 (1994) View
ADH1(medium)Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase promoterWeak promoter (stronger than ADH1(long)).FEMS Microbiol Lett. 121:229 (1994) View
ADH1(long)Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase promoterWeak promoter.FEMS Microbiol Lett. 121:229 (1994) View
GAPGlyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter from Pichia pastorisStrong constitutive promoter.Gene. 186:37 (1997); J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 42:1175 (2015) View
Drosophila Ubiquitous Promoters
Name품목Application NotesReferencesSequence
actin5CThe distal promoter of cytoskeletal actin 5C gene of Drosophila melanogaster, controling synthesis of actin in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific mannerStrong promoter Mol Cell Biol. 10:6172 (1990); Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5037 (1991) View
PolyubiquitinPromoter of polyubiqutin gene of Drosophila melanogasterStrong promoterMol Cell Biol. 8:4727 (1988); Methods Mol Biol. 62:385 (1997) View
a1tubulinPromoter of α1-tubulin gene of Drosophila melanogasterMedium-strength promoterNucleic Acids Res. 19:5037 (1991) View
Drosophila Pol III Promoters
Name품목Application NotesReferencesSequence
U6-1U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoter U6-1 of Drosophila melanogasterPol III promoter; drives intermediate expression level of small RNAs.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 331:1163 (2005); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111:E2967 (2014) View
U6-2U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoter U6-2 of Drosophila melanogasterPol III promoter; drives lowest expression level of small RNAs.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 331:1163 (2005); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111:E2967 (2014) View
U6-3U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoter U6-3 of Drosophila melanogasterPol III promoter; drives strongest expression level of small RNAs.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 331:1163 (2005); Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111:E2967 (2014) View
Worm Ubiquitous Promoters
Name품목Application NotesReferencesSequence
eft-3C. elegans translation elongation factor 1-α promoterStrong promoter; drives high levels of gene expression in somatic cells.Genes Dev. 14: 2173 (2000) View
pie-1C. elegans pharynx and intestine in excess protein 1 promoter lacking repetitive sequencesStrong promoter; drives high levels of gene expression in all germ cells from the late L1 stage to the adult stage.Curr Biol. 18:1476 (2008) View
CeU6C. elegans R07E5.16 U6 snRNA promoterPol III promoter; drives expression of small RNAs.Nat Methods. 10: 1028 (2013); Genetics. 199: 959 (2015) View
Worm Tissue-specific Promoters
Name품목Tissue SpecificityCell Type SpecificityReferencesSequence
spe-11C. elegans spermatocyte protein spe-11 promoter/SpermCurr Biol. 18:1476 (2008) View
myo-2C. elegans myosin-2 promoter/Pharyngeal muscle cellsGenetics. 135:385 (1993); Nat Genet. 40:1375 (2008) View
myo-3C. elegans myosin-3 promoter/Body muscle cellsGenetics. 135:385 (1993); Nat Genet. 40:1375 (2008) View
rab-3C. elegans ras-related protein Rab-3 promoterNervous systemPan-neuronalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113: E1074 (2016) View
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